________________________________________________________________________ SPECTROPOP - Spectacular! Retro! Pop! ________________________________________________________________________ There are 25 messages in this issue. Topics in this digest: 1. Pet Sounds From: Steve Harvey 2. Covers; volume; Seasons' B's; more From: Country Paul 3. Austin Roberts From: Mark 4. Re: Lollipops From: Martin Jensen 5. Re: The Jerome Brothers From: Martin Roberts 6. Re: Jake Holmes From: Dave Heasman 7. Out Of His Head - The Book (comments) From: Paul Urbahns 8. Re: Jack Nitzsche From: Martin Roberts 9. Re: Playboy From: Peter Lerner 10. Re: This is My Prayer From: Peter Lerner 11. Austin Roberts From: Norman 12. Re: The Alley Cats / Bobby Sheen From: Charles Sheen 13. Hardly-Worthit From: Phil Milstein 14. New issue of Garage & Beat! From: Kim Cooper 15. Tina's Everything Under The Sun From: monophonius 16. Re: Foreign language versions From: Jerry Lintelf 17. Re: Italian language versions From: Jerry Lintelf 18. Re: Sending My Good Thoughts To You From: Artie Wayne 19. Re: Jerome Brothers / Chants / Peter Antell From: Mick Patrick 20. Re: R B Greaves / Sonny Childe From: Richard Williams 21. Breakaways From: Richard Havers 22. Arthur Love From: Phil Milstein 23. Re: Steve & Bill Jerome From: That Alan Gordon 24. Re: Jack Nitzsche From: Mick Patrick 25. Re: Steve & Bill Jerome From: Artie Wayne ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ Message: 1 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 07:27:22 -0700 (PDT) From: Steve Harvey Subject: Pet Sounds Watson Macblue: > "Strandjungs" is German for Beach Boys; Petula Clark is French for > "Home Counties Dominatrix" - ("the man's Graaahhhhhss" - > aaaargh). > Pet Sounds, folks... I'm getting a headache ... There were several Beach Boy tunes recorded in French by Petula Clark. I remember the writer's credits because they would say Wilson-Usher - then two French names. Always loved No Go Showboat. Anybody collecting these things onto one CD? -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 2 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 11:51:31 -0400 From: Country Paul Subject: Covers; volume; Seasons' B's; more Mike Edwards: > ..."You're No Good" by Liverpool's Swinging Blue Jeans...was > one of the five best examples of a UK cover being better than > the original US version. The others are: > Dave Clark 5 – "Over And Over" (Bobby Day) > Dave Clark 5 – "Do You Love Me" (Contours) > Searchers – "Love Potion No. 9" (Clovers) > Beatles – "Rock And Roll Music" (Chuck Berry) Mike, you are a good friend, but I must respectfully disagree; while noting the quality of the last four covers, I find none of these superior to the originals. (I've never heard the S. B. Jeans' "You're No Good," so I can't comment there.) I could go into specific reasons, but the blanket comment is that the originals are rock and roll and the covers miss the "roll" - e.g., Bobby Day and Chuck Berry have a swingin' groove that the covers lack, although I acknowledge the Beatles come close. (They still miss Johnny Johnson's amazing piano, though.) As Andrew Hickey noted, perhaps what one heard first define one's taste. I also second David Coyle's comments, but would add that when the DC5 did originals, they were superb. ("Bits and Pieces," "Anyway You Want It" and "Glad All Over" roared with the best of 'em - no news to anyone here, of course.) While I usually like covers less than originals, there are occasionally those which eclipse them, IMO. I offer two that do it for me: Chordettes, "Lollipop" (covering a not-ready-for-prime-time duo) Diamonds, satirically covering "Little Darlin'" (Gladiolas, featuring a younger Maurice Williams who found his groove later on "Stay") ...and a tie score for the Stones and the Valentinos' original of "It's All Over Now" - different feelings, equally great IMO. Anyone else want to throw some fuel on this fire? Paul Underwood: > [R]eading Mr Patrick's liner notes to the very fine "Phil's Spectre" > collection, I learn that Freddie Scott did the original demo of "Love > Her." Now that song was two years old by the time the Walker Brothers > did it and the idea of Freddie Scott doing a demo for the Everly > Brothers (who recorded it in 1963) is a bit strange. It would be nice > if we could hear this demo on Musica, especially if it played a role > in the Walker Brothers' version. To me, this was a defining moment > when Scott Walker's voice revealed itself in all its glory. I can hear Freddie Scott doing it in my head; could his version please be played to musica? I'd always thought the original version was by the Everly Brothers, and I much prefer theirs. (Will my UK friends forgive me?) Mary S: > ...I have no idea why the volume is always cranked up so high at all > concerts, even ones of gentle pop music....It actually is painful to > the ears!! Karl Baker: > The volume is necessary to drown out all of the jackasses who - > despite having shelled out mucho bucks to get in to the show - insist > upon singing along and/or whooping at the top of their lungs. Guess > that's why I haven't been to a concert in a large venue for a very > long time. ...not to mention standing up directly in front of you and "gassing" you throughout the show, and yelling out the artist's name as if (1) s/he didn't know it (2) s/he could hear it and (3) s/he cared. I can't help with that stuff, but high-quality acoustic earplugs are de rigeur; they cut the volume, but not the fidelity. I don't know where to get the best musician-quality ones, but in the NE US Flents brand is carried in most drug stores, and they're okay. Billy Spradlin: > [The Four Seasons'] "No Surfin Today" is a great song though! - the > group was clearly making fun of the Beach Boys and all the teenage > tragedy/death hits ("Tell Laura I Love Her", "Last Kiss") that were hot > in the early 60's. Its another one of those great Seasons B-sides that > could have easily been pulled as a A-side and charted. ...such as "Connie-O," my favorite Seasons "B," and "Marlena," my runner- up. Short takes: Bob Wallis, I tried to play your radio station, but came up with an "error on page." Anyone else have the same problem - or have success? And Artie Wayne, my condolences on the passing of your mother. I've been there, too. We never forget, but we manage to go on. And that's a lovely song: http://www.geocities.com/artie_wayne/sending.html . Know that she obviously did a good job raising you. May she find peace. Still two digests behind, Country Paul -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 3 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 15:44:31 -0000 From: Mark Subject: Austin Roberts A friend of mine tried to do a CD comp of his material a few years back but got turned down. One of the reasons was MCA's inability to find paperwork on the 2 charting singles by Arkade. Austin really was like another Ron Dante in that he had a ton of tunes out under all of these made up group names. Just off the top of my head, Arkade on ABC/Dunhill, The Tricks, Horizon on Jubilee, Georgy on Uni, River Deep, a single on Roulette which I can't remember the group name. Another guy in the same boat who did some great bubblegum was Rupert Holmes (Street People, 2nd Cuff Links LP, Warfield County, etc.). Don't know if he did any cartoon music but I wouldn't doubt it. -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 4 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 15:55:48 -0000 From: Martin Jensen Subject: Re: Lollipops I wrote wrote > I have uploaded a '66 single called 'Naked When You Come' by the > Danish pop group the Lollipops. Mark Frumento: > Martin, is this the same band who recorded the wonderful pop song > "Words Ain't Enough"? If so, I've been seeking more of their > output. In fact I think there was a CD out but I can't find a copy. Hi Mark, Yeah, they're the ones. 'Word's Ain't Enough' is a great, catchy song. Their stuff is easily available here in Denmark. Earlier this year two double-disc compilations were put out, one with all their music from 60-65 and one with the songs from 65-70. With regards Martin -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 5 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 19:46:17 +0100 From: Martin Roberts Subject: Re: The Jerome Brothers Great stories Alan, thanks. Good to see that The Brothers Jerome humour extended beyond their writers credits! Too many excellent doo-wops to choose from amongst their back catalogue, so I've taken the easy way out and played their first production to musica, a doo-wop version of The Isley Brothers "Respectable", vocal by the multi-racial Chants, re-released on MGM. A common lament but their work is underrepresented on CD, Revola released a splendid "Blades Of Grass" compilation, Reparata/Delrons have a few CD's but they are 'grey' releases. The Fifth Estate put out their own excellent release. The group's views, expressed on the sleeve notes are one of the few dissenting voice on the merits of being part of the Jerome Brothers 'family'. A look at the label credits over the decades show the same names turning up, record after record, a loyalty shown by and to the artists/arrangers which is, rather naturally, very rare. Anyway, toddle off to musica for the Chants, if you're very good I'll play the B-Side to the Chants re-recording of "Respectable", issued on U.W.R., Jimmy and the Slanders, (My hazy memory is telling me that Jimmy is Jimmy Soul - but don't quote me) with "Rock'in Santa", especially for Christmas. Martin http://www.spectropop.com/JackNitzsche/index.htm PS. Oh dear, just followed Tony's link to http://www.jeromepromotions.com and where's Steve? I don't wish to pry into family matters but their joint history seems to have undergone a Stalinist re-write. Just checked my 'Hot Butter' platter and there they are among the producer credits 'Steve and Bill Jerome' with John Abbott as an arranger. -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 6 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 19:16:22 +0100 From: Dave Heasman Subject: Re: Jake Holmes Phil Chapman wrote: > I know nothing of Jake Holmes, other than an album I found lying > around in the early 70s. I fell in love with the title track "So > Close, So Very Far To Go", and never really played the rest of the > LP. Was this a hit? He also wrote, IIRC, the Four Seasons' "Genuine Imitation Life Gazette". Very odd record. And I think I saw him doing a solo set in England about 1970. -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 7 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 14:55:18 EDT From: Paul Urbahns Subject: Out Of His Head - The Book (comments) I have to agree with a fellow Spectropoper that the cover photo is very bad, but I think its aimed at a younger generation not the over 50 crowd that remembers Phil Spector. The updated discography is nice and I noticed it even mentions, "Baby Don't You get Crazy" on A&M. Has any of the European bootlegs of Phil's work included this song? Paul Urbahns -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 8 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 20:55:37 +0100 From: Martin Roberts Subject: Re: Jack Nitzsche Mick challenged: > And another thing. There exists a record that is titled after Jack > Nitzsche. I own a copy of said record. You do too. Name that record. > Go on. I'm waiting......... Quick as a flash, with nary a thought, eerh, "Jack's Theme"? Martin http://www.spectropop.com/JackNitzsche/index.htm -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 9 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 20:55:21 +0100 From: Peter Lerner Subject: Re: Playboy I have a splendid video of part of one of these Playboy enterprises from the late 60s featuring Jackie DeShannon and her band (including Barry White) doing a brilliant live set from her "Laurel Canyon" album. Some of the women in the "club" are slightly minimally clad (or was that just what it was like in the 60s) but I can assure you that Jackie and the band are fully clothed AND in great voice. Peter -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 10 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 20:57:25 +0100 From: Peter Lerner Subject: Re: This is My Prayer Dan Hughes: > There were 2 versions of "This Is My Prayer" that charted in the > USA: Theola Kilgore (Serock 2006) took it to #60 in 1963 Yes, but Theola's song is not the English translation of Gigliola Cinquetti's Italian Eurovision hit. It's an entirely different chanson, written and produced by Ed Townsend. Peter -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 11 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 07:02:15 +1030 From: Norman Subject: Austin Roberts Great to see Austin Roberts getting a run on Spectropop. I have the Rocky lp in front of me getting "Rocky" ready for some airplay. I was racking my brains trying to think of the other hit he had here in Adelaide. With the mention of "Something's Wrong with Me" got me thinking. "Keep On Singing" was a big hit in 1973, and I remember this but I am hard pushed to remember "Something's Wrong With Me". However, according to my source both songs reached top ten charting at the same time. I am left wondering that maybe this was an instance when both sides of the record got an airing. Any info or suggestions? regards, Norman -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 12 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 23:45:37 -0000 From: Charles Sheen Subject: Re: The Alley Cats / Bobby Sheen Mac Joseph: > OK, gang; Now that you helped me solve the mystery of RFK and > "Wild Thing", I have one more. Was Billy Storm (of the Valiants, > I believe) the lead vocal on "Puddin n' Tain"? Also, if anyone > knows, was that the "wrecking crew" in back - I am sure that is > Steve Douglas doing the sax solo. Thanks again in advance guys, > and if I might add, I am so happy to be a part of Spectropop! Hey all, Well, from what I understood, Billy Storm (my cousin's father) had left the Alley Cats when they were with Phil, and went to Buena Vista Records (Disney). I do know for a fact that dad (Bobby Sheen) sang the bridge on "Puddin' 'n' Tain". He was real proud of that. Also, Rip Spencer might have done the song. He came by the house a few weeks before my dad died and gave us a copy of an article that was on him and the Alley Cats in Discoveries, I think. He noted how dad was a part of Marvin and Johnny, and how he was apart of the recording sessions with the Alley Cats. I wonder if Billy Storm and or the Valiants ever backed up Sam Cooke while at Keen? Charles Sheen -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 13 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 21:33:56 -0400 From: Phil Milstein Subject: Hardly-Worthit Now playing at musica, two cuts, attributed to two different Bobbys, from the recently-discussed "Boston Soul" LP (aka "Wilder Things") by the Hardly-Worthit Players: Senator Bobby (Robt. Kennedy parody): Wild Thing Bobby The Poet (Dylan parody): White Christmas (also parodying Simon & Garfunkel) Enjoy, --Phil M. -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 14 Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2003 19:10:24 -0700 From: Kim Cooper Subject: New issue of Garage & Beat! Hi folks, I'm passing on this message about the latest issue of my off-list pal Edwin's cool zine Garage & Beat, which has many things you might enjoy. -Kim ** Hi All Issue #10 of GARAGE & BEAT MAGAZINE is out now. Inside you'll find: P.F. Sloan - Part one of an interview with everyone's favorite Secret Agent Man. Part two will run in SCRAM MAGAZINE #19. In GAB Phil talks about Jupiter becoming a new star, an otherworldly encounter with Elvis, corporate evil within the recording industry, the Fantastic Baggys and a whole lot more. Rick Bolz - The Neighb'rhood Childr'n were one of the best late '60s rock and psychedelia pioneers. Their story makes for a great read. Follow the action in words and pictures, in this interview with one of the principals, as the band goes through their surf, rock, freak out and Christian phases. Paul Johnson - If you are a fan of surf music, you know who Paul is. In this interview, Mr. Johnson explains the origins of surf music. The Belairs had a hit with "Mr. Moto" at the same time Dick Dale made his first splash. Paul was there and he's never stopped making innovative music. The Stupor Stars - These L.A. rockers take their inspiration from bands like the Real Kids, DMZ and the Devil Dogs. In this interview they talk about being the future of rock and roll... with tongues planted firmly in their cheeks. With a CD that is only available in Spain, they have their work cut out for them. Tabitha - The 18 year old daughter of a late legendary '60s rock star guitar god explains why retro bands are so retarded. She then reviews seven albums each by Billy Childish bands and Los Straitjackets and has a change of heart. Will she let Bryce get frisky or will she listen to her mother?? The Beatles - Did you know there was a Beatles release on a 78 RPM record? Yow! How can that be??!! Fred Shirkwater's tale of finding this curiosity and determining it contains never-heard-before outtakes IS NOT TO BE BELIEVED!!! Baby Bird - Mike Hollingsworth is a groovy cartoonist. This is the first of his work to run in Garage & Beat. Hopefully, it will not be the last. Personally, I mostly like the early stuff, but that's a whole other story. Plus - Reviews of reissues and retro gold and a show and tell section devoted to new acquisitions of corny records from the beat era. It's only 4 bucks and is worth every penny... for the most part. for more info visit http://www.garageandbeat.com -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 15 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 02:37:35 -0000 From: monophonius Subject: Tina's Everything Under The Sun Hey everybody! Sure would like to have Tina Turner's "Everything Under The Sun" played to musica. Can't find this track anywhere! Thanks -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 16 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 05:41:30 -0800 (PST) From: Jerry Lintelf Subject: Re: Foreign language versions Shawn Baldwin wrote: > I love Dusty singing you dont have to say! This song (Io Che Non Vivo Piu' Di Una Ora Senza Te) and Tu Che Ne Sai which were issued as a picture sleeve on Italian Phillips appear on a UK compilation double CD of Dusty's. -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 17 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 05:46:45 -0800 (PST) From: Jerry Lintelf Subject: Re: Italian language versions I knowe for sure about the following, as I once owned them when I lived in Italy in the 60s... These were all sung in Italian language: SUPREMES : SE IL FILO SPEZZERRAI (You Keep Me Hanging On) FOUR TOPS: PINGONO GLI UOMINI (I Can't Help Myself) STEVEIE WONDER: Too many to list NINO TEMPO & APRIL STEVENS : Deep Purple TERRY STAFFORD: SOSPETTO (Suspicion) TOM JONES: DELILAH NEIL SEDAKA: Too many to list LITTLE PEGGY MARCH: " " -- I think it was Sedaka who had the first Italian language versions of his songs, as he was an enormous hit there on the personal appearances circuit... -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 18 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 06:01:02 -0800 (PST) From: Artie Wayne Subject: Re: Sending My Good Thoughts To You Orion..........thanks for your condolences......but don't be sad for me. Mothers voice is now the loudest of those who guide me from the other side.Have you seen the page on channeling at my website? http://www.geocities.com/artie_wayne/channel.html regards, Artie -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 19 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 16:19:15 -0000 From: Mick Patrick Subject: Re: Jerome Brothers / Chants / Peter Antell Martin Roberts: > (I've played the Jerome Brothers') first production to musica, > a doo-wop version of The Isley Brothers "Respectable", vocal by > the multi-racial Chants, re-released on MGM. I've just placed a pic of the Chants in the photos section. To view it, click here http://www.spectropop.com/go2/members.html then click on Photos. Recognize the guy on the left? It's none other that your pal from the S'pop New York Shindig, Peter Antell. I hear that Peter is the subject of a forthcoming S'pop feature, written by John Clemente. Can't wait! Hey la, Mick Patrick -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 20 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 15:28:40 +0000 From: Richard Williams Subject: Re: R B Greaves / Sonny Childe Mark wrote: > I really love R B Greaves' records from 1970 on up in that soulpop > vein and I was wondering if anyone is familiar with his British > recordings from a few years earlier as Sonny Childe. Just curious if > they had that same great style as Take a Letter, Always Something, etc. I saw Sonny Childe and the TNT at the Beachcomber in Nottingham in 1967, I think; their manager gave me an acetate of a single, which I still have somewhere. They were a band in the style of Herbie Goins and the Nightimers or Ronnie Jones and the Blue Jays: a black American singer in front of a band including horns, Hammond organ, guitar, bass and drums. They were pretty good, although not amazing. The singer was a smooth stylist who reminded me of a cross between Johnny Nash and Joe Tex; the music was pitched somewhere between Sam Cooke and Otis Redding. Classic Sixties soul, in other words. Richard Williams -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 21 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 15:35:10 +0000 From: Richard Havers Subject: Breakaways I was given a copy of the Breakaways compilation on Sanctuary recently, and to be frank I wasn't expecting that much. I know it's been discussed here before but I just kind of passed swiftly on. Just shows how wrong you can be. It really is a nice package featuring tracks by a number of artists, ably supported by the Breakaways; as well as their own recordings. I particularly liked 'Your Kind of Love', a Marty Wilde composition for those who haven't heard it. Amongst the other artists tracks is Petula Clark's 'I Know a Place' which has always had a special place in my collection. I just love the lines "All around there are girls and boys, it's a swinging place, a cellar full of noise." Aged thirteen that sounded so glamourous to me........do people say glamourous now? Congratulations to Mick Patrick who complied it, and along with Ian Chapman wrote the excellent notes. That'll teach me to pre judge! Richard -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 22 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 12:07:22 -0400 From: Phil Milstein Subject: Arthur Love Mr. Rands, Miss Hilton and myself were fortunate to attend the Boston showing of Arthur Lee & his latterday Love's live recreation of the classic "Forever Changes" album the other night. Augmented by a five-lady string section and a two-man horn section, Arthur and his crackerjack musicians (formerly Baby Lemonade) turned in an unforgettable interpretation, rounded off by an encore of extra-LP favorites. Hellfire, if this show comes anywhere near you, do whatever you can not to miss it. Midway through the show, I remembered having in my collection an Arthur Lee solo EP (7"), procured from a shady source upon its "release" in 1977. Not having played it in years, I made a mental note to fish it out and give it a spin when I get home. Although the quality deteriorates, in consecutive order, from there, it turns out that the leadoff cut, "I Do Wonder," is an absolute gem, and sufficiently close to the original Love sound that I've deemed it within the bounds of the musica mandate to be postable there. Along similar lines, I've also posted a scan of the black & white picture sleeve to the Photos section. Seeing this Love-fest the other night, and having some awareness of what Lee's been through over the years, it was highly satisfying to see that a person, if both determined and lucky enough, can walk through the flames and yet go on to enjoy some moments of grace on the other side. Long live Lee. Enjoy, --Phil Milstein -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 23 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 09:42:57 -0700 (MST) From: That Alan Gordon Subject: Re: Steve & Bill Jerome Martin, regarding the Jerome Brothers, I also went on to the Jerome website, and I was stunned to see the dissapearance of Steve. I sent an e-mail to Bill asking what happened to Steve. I`ll let you know if I get a reply. Best, that alan -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 24 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 16:34:02 -0000 From: Mick Patrick Subject: Re: Jack Nitzsche Me: > And another thing. There exists a record that is titled after > Jack Nitzsche. I own a copy of said record. You do too. Name > that record. Go on. I'm waiting......... Martin Roberts: > Quick as a flash, with nary a thought, eerh, "Jack's Theme"? Aah, the B-side of the Reprise version of "Yes Sir, That's My Baby" by Hale & the Hushabyes. I'd forgotten about that one. I was thinking of another instrumental B-side. So, I'm still waiting.......... Oh alright, I'll torment you no further. The track I meant is "Flip And Nitty", the B-side of Philles 107, "Zip-A-Dee Doo Dah" by Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans. "Flip" equals Phillip (Spector), while "Nitty" refers to (Jack) Nitzsche. But you knew that. :-) Btw, are there enough Nitzsche tracks on the "Phil's Spectre" CD for your liking? What the world needs is an entire CD of tracks arranged and/or produced by Jack Nitzsche. (thinks) Hey la, Mick Patrick -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
Message: 25 Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2003 10:42:21 -0800 (PST) From: Artie Wayne Subject: Re: Steve & Bill Jerome That Alan Gordon: > ...I also went on to the Jerome website, and I was stunned to see > the dissapearance of Steve. I sent an e-mail to Bill asking what > happened to Steve. I`ll let you know if I get a reply. Alan.........I was wondering the same thing. By the way, that was a great story on the Jeromes!! regards, Artie -------------------[ archived by Spectropop ]-------------------
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